Descripción
SS-31, also known as Elamipretide, MTP-131 or Bendavia, is a synthetic mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide.
Unlike most peptides, SS-31 does not primarily interact with a cell-surface receptor. Instead, it rapidly enters cells and selectively accumulates within mitochondria, where it binds cardiolipin, a phospholipid unique to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Because cardiolipin is essential for maintaining mitochondrial architecture and efficient ATP production, SS-31 has become one of the leading investigational peptides for research into mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and cellular energy metabolism.
Why SS-31 is widely investigated
Published research has investigated SS-31 in relation to:
- mitochondrial repair
- cellular energy production
- ATP synthesis
- oxidative stress
- muscle physiology
- healthy aging
- cardiovascular research
- neurodegeneration
- mitochondrial disease
Unlike metabolic peptides that regulate cellular signalling, SS-31 directly targets the physical structure of mitochondria, making it unique among modern research peptides.
How SS-31 works
Cardiolipin stabilisation
SS-31 selectively binds cardiolipin, an essential phospholipid located within the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Cardiolipin plays a critical role in maintaining mitochondrial cristae structure and supporting the electron transport chain. Under conditions of oxidative stress, cardiolipin becomes damaged, reducing mitochondrial efficiency. Published research suggests SS-31 helps stabilise this membrane environment and preserve mitochondrial function.
Cellular energy production
By preserving mitochondrial structure, SS-31 has been investigated for improving the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation. Rather than stimulating mitochondria to produce more energy, SS-31 appears to help dysfunctional mitochondria produce energy more efficiently.
Oxidative stress
Numerous preclinical studies have investigated SS-31 for reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and limiting oxidative damage associated with impaired mitochondrial function.
Tissue protection
Because mitochondria influence virtually every organ system, SS-31 has been investigated across cardiovascular, neurological, renal and skeletal muscle research, making it one of the broadest mitochondrial peptides currently available.
Why SS-31 is different from other mitochondrial peptides
Not all mitochondrial peptides investigate the same biology.
MOTS-c investigates how cells regulate energy metabolism by activating adaptive metabolic signalling pathways.
SS-31 investigates how mitochondria physically produce energy by stabilising the inner mitochondrial membrane and preserving electron transport chain function.
Rather than changing metabolic signalling, SS-31 focuses on maintaining the mitochondrial machinery itself.
This distinction has made SS-31 one of the most important investigational peptides for mitochondrial biology and healthy aging research.
Investigación humana y preclínica
SS-31 has progressed further into clinical development than many research peptides.
Human studies have investigated SS-31 in primary mitochondrial disease, Barth syndrome, heart failure, kidney injury and ophthalmic disorders, while extensive preclinical research has explored its effects on skeletal muscle, neurodegeneration, ischemia-reperfusion injury and age-related mitochondrial dysfunction.
Although clinical results have varied by indication, SS-31 remains one of the best-characterised mitochondria-targeting peptides currently under investigation.
Published safety observations
SS-31 has undergone multiple clinical studies across several disease areas.
Published trials have generally reported favourable tolerability, with adverse events typically mild to moderate. Clinical efficacy has varied depending on the condition under investigation, highlighting the complexity of mitochondrial diseases and the need for continued research.
Características del producto
Aplicación: investigación de laboratorio y análisis
Uso restringido: no apto para consumo humano; no apto para uso médico, veterinario o cosmético
Producido en instalaciones que cumplen con GMP bajo estrictos protocolos de control de calidad.
Cada lote se somete a pruebas de laboratorio exhaustivas después de la producción (puede encontrar el Certificado de Análisis debajo de las imágenes del producto).
Liofilizado (liofilizado) para máxima estabilidad y vida útil prolongada.
Sellado en viales estériles, listo para la reconstitución.
Purity: ≥ 99.88% , HPLC tested.
Apariencia: polvo blanco liofilizado
Fórmula molecular: C32H49N9O5
Molecular weight: 639.79
Almacenamiento: los viales liofilizados sin abrir se almacenan mejor refrigerar a 2–8 °C, que es el método de almacenamiento confirmado por nuestro socio de fabricación y adecuado para hasta 24 meses. Se prefiere la refrigeración porque minimiza los ciclos innecesarios de congelación y descongelación durante la manipulación rutinaria. Si se requiere un almacenamiento a más largo plazo, los viales liofilizados sin abrir también pueden mantenerse congelados. Una vez reconstituidos, almacene siempre a 2–8 °C y no congele.
Reconstitución y manipulación
SS-31 is supplied as a lyophilised vial and should be handled using standard peptide reconstitution procedures appropriate to the research setting. Must be reconstituted with agua bacteriostática antes de usar. Para ayudar a preservar la integridad estructural, agregue el disolvente elegido lentamente contra la pared interior del vial en lugar de directamente sobre el péptido en polvo, y evite agitar vigorosamente. La agitación suave suele ser suficiente una vez que el péptido se ha disuelto por completo. La práctica estándar de laboratorio también incluye permitir que los viales refrigerados alcancen la temperatura ambiente antes de la reconstitución para minimizar la condensación dentro del vial.
Para otras guías sobre selección de solventes, planificación de concentraciones y almacenamiento, consulte el completo Guía de Reconstitución de Péptidos y Calculadora de Reconstitución.
Referencias de investigación seleccionadas
- Wang Y, et al. Elamipretide: A Review of Its Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Therapeutic Potential, Life, 2025
A comprehensive review covering SS-31’s mechanism, cardiolipin binding, mitochondrial bioenergetics and clinical development.
- Liu Y, et al. Application Research of Novel Peptide Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidant SS-31 in Mitigating Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Redox Report, 2024
A detailed review of SS-31’s mechanisms and analysis of 18 clinical trials across mitochondrial disorders and related diseases.
- Chatfield KC, et al. Elamipretide Improves Mitochondrial Function in the Failing Human Heart, JACC: Basic to Translational Science, 2019
Demonstrates improvements in mitochondrial function in human heart tissue and supports SS-31’s cardiolipin-targeted mechanism.
Preguntas Frecuentes
What is SS-31?
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide that selectively targets mitochondria by binding cardiolipin within the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is widely investigated for mitochondrial repair, cellular energy production and healthy aging research.
Why is SS-31 called a mitochondrial repair peptide?
Unlike most peptides that activate cell-surface receptors, SS-31 directly targets the inner mitochondrial membrane. Research suggests it helps preserve mitochondrial structure, improve bioenergetics and reduce oxidative stress in dysfunctional mitochondria.
How is SS-31 different from MOTS-c?
Both investigate mitochondrial biology, but MOTS-c primarily regulates metabolic signalling, whereas SS-31 focuses on the physical integrity and efficiency of the mitochondrial energy-producing machinery. They investigate complementary aspects of mitochondrial function.
What research areas commonly investigate SS-31?
Current research includes mitochondrial disease, cardiovascular physiology, skeletal muscle function, neurodegeneration, kidney injury, metabolic disorders and healthy aging.
Is SS-31 one of the more clinically studied peptides?
Yes. Compared with many research peptides, SS-31 has advanced into multiple Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical programmes across several mitochondrial-related diseases, making it one of the best-studied mitochondrial peptides currently available.
¿Está este producto destinado al uso humano?
No. SS-31 supplied by LIFE Peptide is intended strictly for laboratory and analytical research. It is not intended for human consumption, diagnosis, treatment or prevention of disease.
Contexto de investigación relacionado
SS-31 is frequently discussed alongside other research peptides investigating cellular energy, recovery and healthy aging, although each targets a different level of cellular physiology.
MOTS-c – investigated for metabolic signalling, exercise adaptation and mitochondrial communication.
Epitalon – studied for telomere biology, circadian regulation and healthy aging.
GHK-Cu – investigated for tissue repair, extracellular matrix remodelling and regenerative biology.
ARA-290 – focuses on innate tissue repair, inflammatory signalling and nerve regeneration.
CJC-1295 with DAC – investigated for sustained growth hormone and IGF-1 signalling that supports anabolic physiology.
Although these peptides are frequently associated with longevity and recovery research, SS-31 stands apart through its direct action on mitochondrial structure and bioenergetics rather than hormonal or metabolic signalling.
NOTA: Esto es solo para fines de referencia educativa y no constituye asesoramiento médico.
Descargo de responsabilidad
Este producto se vende únicamente para fines de investigación. No está destinado a diagnosticar, tratar, curar ni prevenir ninguna enfermedad. El comprador asume toda la responsabilidad por su manipulación y uso adecuados.
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